Synthesis of leading chalcones with high antiparasitic, against Hymenolepis nana, and antioxidant activities

The hymenolepiosis by Hymenolepis nana is a major public health problem in developing countries, and the commercial drugs against this parasitosis are not enough effective. The combination of antiparasitic and antioxidant agents has improved the treatment of some parasitoses. Thus, the development of new cestocidal and antioxidant agents to treat the hymenolepiosis cases is important. In the present study, four hydroxy- and four dihydroxy-chalcones were synthesized using the catalyst boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BF3•OEt2). The antioxidant activity and antiparasitic against H. nana of chalcones were tested, as well as the toxicity by the brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the method of Lorke. The antioxidant activity was measured by three radical scavenging assays: 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The hydroxyl substitution pattern (number and position), mainly in ring B, was responsible for the chalcone antiparasitic activity. At least one meta or para hydroxyl group in ring B was essential for activity of the synthetic chalcones against H. nana; The time taken for the parasite to die by the 3b and 3e chalcones (20 mg/mL) treatment was up to six times lower than the control drug Praziquantel. On the other hand, chalcones with catechol structure in ring B (3g and 3h) showed the highest antioxidant values. The toxicity evaluations suggests that synthetic hydroxychalcones with cestocidal (3b and 3e) and antioxidant (3g and 3h) activities are safe compounds and potential in vivo agents to treat this parasitosis

Prevalence of Hymenolepis nana and H. diminuta from Brown Rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Heilongjiang Province, China

Hymenolepis nana and Hymenolepis diminuta are globally widespread zoonotic cestodes. Rodents are the main reservoir host of these cestodes. Brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) are the best known and most common rats, and usually live wherever humans live, especially in less than desirable hygiene conditions. Due to the little information of the 2 hymenolepidid species in brown rats in China, the aim of this study was to understand the prevalence and genetic characterization of H. nana and H. diminuta in brown rats in Heilongjiang Province, China. Total 114 fecal samples were collected from brown rats in Heilongjiang Province. All the samples were subjected to morphological examinations by microscopy and genetic analysis by PCR amplification of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COX1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene. In total, 6.1% (7/114) and 14.9% (17/114) of samples were positive for H. nana and H. diminuta, respectively. Among them, 7 and 3 H. nana isolates were successfully amplified and sequenced at the COX1 and ITS2 loci, respectively. No nucleotide variations were found among H. nana isolates at either of the 2 loci. Seventeen H. diminuta isolates produced 2 different COX1 sequences while 7 ITS2 sequences obtained were identical to each other. The present results of H. nana and H. diminuta infections in brown rats implied the risk of zoonotic transmission of hymenolepiasis in China. These molecular data will be helpful to deeply study intra-specific variations within Hymenolepis cestodes in the future.

Infección por Hymenolepis nana en una comunidad indígena del estado Bolívar, Venezuela / Hymenolepis nana infection in an indigenous community from Bolívar State, Venezuela

Introducción: la himenolepiosis es una parasitosis intestinal causada por el género Hymenolepis. De las dos especies que pueden afectar al hombre, H. nana es la más común. Su distribución es cosmopolita, pero más frecuente en regiones tropicales. Objetivos: en junio de 2014 se realizó un estudio transversal para determinar la prevalencia de himenolepiosis en habitantes de la comunidad indígena Itopoicon del estado Bolívar, Venezuela. Métodos: fueron evaluadas 136 muestras fecales procedentes de igual número de personas, mediante las técnicas de examen directo, Kato, Willis y sedimentación espontánea. Se llenó una ficha de control de cada participante con datos de identificación y clínico-epidemiológicos de interés. Resultados: un total de 118 habitantes (86,8 por ciento) resultaron parasitados. De ellos, 26 (19,1 por ciento) tenían infección por helmintos intestinales, siendo Hymenolepis nana el helminto más comúnmente diagnosticado con 19 casos (14 por ciento). De los 19 casos de himenolepiosis, 17 ocurrieron en niños y dos en adultos, siendo la diferencia estadísticamente significativa (x2= 14,26 g.l.= 7 p< 0,05). Con relación al género no se observaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p> 0,05). Se determinó una amplia variedad de manifestaciones clínicas (generales, toxico-alérgico o intestinales) en los habitantes con H. nana. Conclusiones: se determinó una elevada prevalencia (14 por ciento) de infección por H. nana en una comunidad indígena del estado Bolívar, Venezuela, siendo ambos géneros afectados por igual pero con un predominio en los niños menores de 10 años. La mayoría de los casos presentó sintomatología(AU)

Introduction: hymenolepiasis is an intestinal parasitic disease caused by the genus Hymenolepis. Of the two species affecting humans, H. nana is the most common. Its distribution is cosmopolitan, but more frequent in tropical regions. Objectives: a cross-sectional study was conducted in June 2014 to determine the prevalence of hymenolepiasis among dwellers from the indigenous community of Itopoicon, Bolívar State, Venezuela. Methods: evaluation was performed of 136 stool samples from an equal number of persons using the techniques known as direct examination, Kato, Willis and spontaneous sedimentation. A control card was filled in for each participant, containing identification details and data of clinical and epidemiological interest. Results: a total 118 inhabitants (86.8 percent) were positive for parasites. Of these, 26 (19.1 percent) had intestinal helminth infection, Hymenolepis nana being the most commonly diagnosed helminth with 19 cases (14 percent). Of the 19 cases of hymenolepiasis, 17 were children and 2 were adults, the difference being statistically significant (2= 14.26 g.l. = 7 p< 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found with respect to gender (p> 0.05). A wide range of clinical manifestations (general, toxic and allergic or intestinal) were found among people with H. nana. Conclusions: ahigh prevalence (14 percent) of H. nana infection was found in an indigenous community from Bolívar State in Venezuela. Both sexes are equally affected, but there is a predominance of children under 10 years of age. Most cases were symptomatic(AU)

Parasitic infection in a closed group of outbred Meriones meridianus and results of parasite eradication / 中国实验动物学报

Objective In order to lay the foundation for establishment of a clean grade Meriones meridianus popu-lation, and provide reference for the formulation of Meriones meridianus parasite detection standard.Methods A survey of parasite infection in Meriones meridianus was carried out, and three kinds of antiparasitic drugs, tetramethrin/per-methrin, praziquantel, and tinidazole were used in high-, medium-and low-doses for eradication of the target parasites. Results Three types of parasites were detected among the animals.The infection rate of surface parasite Myobia musculi was 82.1%(23/28), that of intestinal parasite Hymenolepis nana was 78.1% (25/32) and Tritrichomonas muris was 90.6%(29/32).Significant results of parasite eradication were achieved with the antiparasitic drugs.Medicated bath u-sing 1%tetramethrin/permethrin for 30 s every 4 days for 5 times and 1.5%tetramethrin/permethrin for 30 s every 4 days for 3 times completely eradicated the surface Myobia musculi infection.Praziquantel in a dose of 31 mg/kg by daily gastric gavage for consecutive 7 days was the optimal dosage to completely eradicate the intestinal Hymenolepis nana.Tinidazole in a dose of 42 mg/kg administered by gastric gavage daily for consecutive 7 days was the optimal dosage for eradication of in-testinal Tritrichomonas muris infection.Conclusions Three types of parasites are detected in Meriones meridianus in our laboratory, i.e.surface infection with Myobia musculi, and intestinal infection with Tritrichomonas muris and Hymenolepis nana.Tetramethrin/permethrin, praziquantel and tinidazole can be used to effectively eradicate these three types of para-sites, respectively.

Heavy Hymenolepis nana Infection Possibly Through Organic Foods: Report of a Case

We encountered a patient with heavy Hymenolepis nana infection. The patient was a 44-year-old Korean man who had suffered from chronic hepatitis (type B) for 15 years. A large number of H. nana adult worms were found during colonoscopy that was performed as a part of routine health screening. The parasites were scattered throughout the colon, as well as in the terminal ileum, although the patient was immunocompetent. Based on this study, colonoscopy may be helpful for diagnosis of asymptomatic H. nana infections.

Frecuencia de parasitos intestinales y características epidemiológicas de la población infantil de 1 a 12 años que consulta al ambulatorio urbano tipo II de Cerro Gordo, Barquisimeto, estado Lara: enero-junio 2007 / Frequence of intestinal parasitism and epidemiological characteristics of the 1 to 12 year-old child population treated at the Cerro Gordo type II urban outpatient clinic, Barquisimeto, state Lara: january-june 2007

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la frecuencia de parasitosis intestinales en el área de influencia del Ambulatorio Urbano Tipo II de Cerro Gordo, Barquisimeto, Estado Lara, realizando un estudio descriptivo transversal. Se evaluaron 106 niños entre 1 y 12 años de edad, realizando a cada uno examen de heces directo y concentrado con la técnica de Ritchie, demostrándo se parasitosis intestinal en 42,5%, predominando en escolares (48,9%), sin diferencias según el género. El agente más frecuente fue B. hominis (42,2%), seguido de G. lamblia (37,8%), Complejo Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar (13,3%), H. nana (11,1%) y A. lumbricoides (4,4%). Se encontró parasitado 41,7% de niños con estado nutricional normal y 35,7% de malnutridos. La presencia de parasitos intestinales mostró relación con la disposición inadecuada de basura (p=0.048). El lavado inadecuado de las manos se relacionó con prurito anal (p=0.008). La calidad inadecuada del agua se relacionó con Blastocistosis (p= 0,025) y comensales (p= 0,035). No hubo relación entre parasitosis intestinales y síntomas gastrointestinales, estrato social, disposición de excretas, presencia de vectores en el hogar, lavado y conservación de alimentos, frecuencia de recolección de basura, lavado de manos, antecedente de tratamiento antiparasitario y familiar parasitado

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine intestinal parasitism in children treated at the “Cerro Gordo” Type II Urban Outpatient Clinic in Barquisimeto, Lara. Feces samples were collected from 106 children (1-12 years old) and analyzed using both direct and Ritchie´s technique analyses, demonstrating intestinal parasitism in 42.5% of the children, predominantly of school age (48.9%), but independent of gender. The most frequent agent was Blastocystis hominis (42.2%), followed by Giardia lamblia (37.8%), Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar Complex (13.3%), Hymenolepis nana (11.1%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (4.4%). For children with a normal nutritional condition, 41.7% had parasites, while this value was 35.7% for nutritionally undernourished children. The presence of intestinal parasites showed relations to the community’s trash collection management program status (p=0.048). Poor hand washing habits were significantly associated with anal pruritus (p=0.008). Inadequate water quality was related to blastocystosis (p= 0.025) and comensals (p= 0.035). The presence of parasites was not associated with specific gastrointestinal symptoms, socioeconomic status, disposition of excreta, presence of vectors in the home, food washing and storage, frequency of garbage collection, washing of hands, family parasitism history and anti-parasite treatment antecedents

Epidemiología de himenolepiosis y otras parasitosis intestinales en una comunidad suburbana de Escuque, Trujillo-Venezuela / Himenolepiosis Epidemiology and other intestinal parasites in a suburban community of Escuque, Trujillo-Venezuela

Las parasitosis intestinales son enfermedades desasistidas de los países en vías de desarrollo, en comunidades sub-urbanas, rurales, marginales e indígenas, desfavorecidas por la atención médica calificada. En Venezuela se estima una prevalencia de 7 por ciento para Hymenolepis nana. El presente estudio epidemiológico de prevalencia en el sector Fray Ignacio Álvarez, Escuque-Trujillo, fue diseñado para determinar la ocurrencia las parasitosis intestinales, de Hymenolepis nana, correlacionar las variables epidemiológicas (Graffar-Méndez Castellano) con las parasitosis intestinales y evaluar la confiabilidad del método de Kato Katz, utilizando como método gold standard el Formol-Tritón-Éter (FTE), en el hallazgo de Hymenolepis nana. Se encuestaron a 319 personas y se realizaron 224 Kato Katz y 224 Formol-Tritón-Éter. Las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias y los síntomas gastrointestinales compatibles con himenolepiosis fueron frecuentes en la comunidad, pero sólo 2,2 por ciento (5/224) fueron positivos por formol-tritón-éter. El 50,2 por ciento, de los individuos encuestados se encuentran en pobreza relativa. El riesgo de prevalencia a estar infectado por cualquier parásito, se relacionó con el estrato socioeconómico IV y V (riesgo de prevalencia=11,03; 95 por ciento; P= 0,012), con el mayor índice de Graffar (riesgo de prevalencia=21,04; 95 por ciento; P= 0,000) y con la menor instrucción de la madre (riesgo de prevalencia=26,32; 95 por ciento; P=0,012). El Método Graffar-Méndez Castellano es confiable para estimar la probabilidad de los individuos de estar infectados con parasitosis intestinales; por el contrario, el método de Kato-Katz no es confiable para la determinación de Himenolepis nana ni de otros céstodes, por lo que en estudios de prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales debe emplearse otras técnicas coprológicas de concentración

The intestinal parasitosis are neglected diseases of developing countries in sub-urban, rural, indigenous and marginalized communities, disadvantaged by qualified medical care. In Venezuela is estimated a 7 percent of prevalence for Hymenolepis nana. This epidemiological study of prevalence in the Fray Ignacio Alvarez sector, Escuque-Trujillo, was designed to determine the occurrence of intestinal parasitosis, of Hymenolepis nana, correlate epidemiological variables (Graffar Mendez Castellanos) with the I intestinal parasitosis and assess the reliability Kato Katz method, using as the gold standard method Formol-Triton-ether, in finding Hymenolepis nana. It were surveyed 319 people and conducted 224 Kato Katz and 224 Formol-Triton-ether. The sanitary-hygienic conditions and gastrointestinal symptoms consistent with himenolepiosis were common in the community, but only 2.2 percent (5 / 224) were positive for Formol-Triton-ether. The 50.2 percent of individuals surveyed were in relative poverty. The prevalence of risk to be infected by any parasite was related to IV and V socioeconomic status (prevalence of risk = 11.03, 95 percent, P = 0.012), with the highest rate of Graffar (prevalence of risk = 21.04, 95 percent, P = 0.000) and with the least education of the mother (prevalence of risk = 26.32, 95 percent, P = 0012). The Graffar Méndez Castellanos method is reliable to estimate the probability of being infected individuals with intestinal parasitosis; by contrast, Kato-Katz method is unreliable for determining neither Himenolepis nana nor other Cestoda and consequently for prevalence studies of intestinal parasite diseases must be employed other coprology concentration techniques